Table 1 Characteristics of the study population and of patients prescribed and not using opioids

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

P value

N (%)^a

N (%)

P value

All

849 (100.0%)

275 (32.4% of total)

574 (67.6% of total)

164 (59.6% of prescribed)

109 (39.6% of prescribed)

Gender

0.97

0.6

 Female

342 (40.3%)

111 (40.4%)

231 (40.2%)

64 (39.0%)

46 (42.2%)

 Male

507 (59.7%)

164 (59.6%)

343 (59.8%)

100 (61.0%)

63 (57.8%)

Age, mean ± SD, years

7.6 ± 6.3

11.1 ± 7.0

5.9 ± 5.1

< 0.001*

11.3 ± 7.2

10.8 ± 6.7

0.6

Age groups

< 0.001*

0.09

 Infants (0–2 years old)

152 (17.9%)

43 (15.6%)

109 (19.0%)

27 (16.5%)

16 (14.7%)

 Children (2–12 years old)

463 (54.5%)

87 (31.6%)

376 (65.5%)

44 (26.8%)

43 (39.4%)

 Adolescents (12 21 years old)

234 (27.6%)

145 (52.7%)

89 (15.5%)

93 (56.7%)

50 (45.9%)

Case length in minutes, mean ± SD

61.4 ± 54.2

78.2 ± 61.0

53.3 ± 48.7

< 0.001*

81.5 ± 58.3

71.8 ± 62.6

0.19

Type of Insurance

0.04*

0.04*

 Private

423 (49.8%)

151 (54.9%)

272 (47.4%)

81 (49.4%)

68 (62.4%)

 Public (government-sponsored)^b

426 (50.2%)

124 (45.1%)

302 (52.6%)

83 (50.6%)

41 (37.6%)

ASA status

0.21

0.3

 ASA 1

337 (39.7%)

123 (44.7%)

214 (37.3%)

79 (48.2%)

44 (40.4%)

 ASA 2

431 (50.8%)

130 (47.3%)

301 (52.4%)

75 (45.7%)

54 (49.5)

 ASA 3

77 (9.1%)

21 (7.6%)

56 (9.8%)

9 (5.5%)

11 (10.1%)

 ASA 4

3 (0.4%)

1 (0.4%)

2 (0.3%)

1 (0.6%)

0

Distance from hospital

0.03*

0.1

 San Francisco (local)

181 (21.3%)

52 (18.9%)

129 (22.5%)

34 (20.7%)

17 (15.6%)

 Within 2 h driving outside of SF

422 (49.7%)

155 (56.4%)

267 (46.5%)

84 (51.2%)

70 (64.2%)

 > 2 h driving of SF

246 (29.0%)

68 (24.7%)

178 (31.0%)

46 (28.0%)

22 (20.2%)